<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ANRI</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">ANRI</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>АНРИ (Аппаратура и Новости Радиационных Измерений)</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2075-1338</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">69503</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37414/2075-1338-2023-114-3-26-44</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Научные статьи</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Scientific article</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Научные статьи</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Development and Verification of the Method for b-Spectrum Decomposition of Radionuclides’ Mixtures Based on Piecewise-Combined Functions with Polynomial or Piecewise-Linear Approximation of their Parameters</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Разработка и верификация метода разложения b-спектра смеси радионуклидов на основе кусочно-комбинированных функций с полиномиальной или кусочно- линейной аппроксимацией их параметров</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Востротин</surname>
       <given-names>Вадим В.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Vostrotin</surname>
       <given-names>Vadim V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>vostrotin@subi.su</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Введенский</surname>
       <given-names>В. Э.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Vvedensky</surname>
       <given-names>Vladimir E.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский институт биофизики Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution>
     <city>Озерск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Southern Urals Biophysics Institute of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution>
     <city>Ozyorsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский институт биофизики Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution>
     <city>Ozyorsk</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Southern Urals Biophysics Institute of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution>
     <city>Ozyorsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-08-20T23:23:09+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-08-20T23:23:09+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>08</month>
    <year>2023</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>26</fpage>
   <lpage>44</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-17T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>17</day>
     <month>08</month>
     <year>2023</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://doza.editorum.ru/en/nauka/article/69503/view">https://doza.editorum.ru/en/nauka/article/69503/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цели. Создание и верификация собственного метода обработки b-спектра ультранизкофонового радиометра-спектрометра Quantulus-1220 при минимальной пробоподготовке или ее полном отсутствии, при наличии в жидкой пробе H-3, K-40 и Sr‑90+Y-90 в различном соотношении по активности с учетом гашения. Разработка компьютерной программы Aspect-SUBI, реализующей метод.&#13;
Материалы и методы. Метод основан на деконволюции измеряемого b-спектра в виде суперпозиции модельных спектров нескольких радионуклидов. Использованы b-спектры, полученные от образцовых радиоактивных растворов H-3, K-40 и Sr-90+Y-90 в смеси с жидким сцинтиллятором Optiphase Hisafe 3 в соотношении объемов 8 мл : 12 мл. В качестве гасителя использовался метилоранж. Для построения библиотек радионуклидов использовалась сумма кусочно-комбинированных функций. Для определения активностей радионуклидов в пробе использовался метод наименьших квадратов. Для статистической обработки полученных материалов, их визуализации, а также верификации разработанного метода использовалось программное обеспечение: Microsoft Excel, Sigma Plot 2000 и R версии 4.0.2.&#13;
Результаты. Построены библиотеки модельных b-спектров в виде суммы кусочно-комбинированных функций с полиноминальной аппроксимацией (библиотека «P») или аппроксимацией кусочно-линейными функциями их параметров (библиотека «L») в зависимости от параметра гашения SQP(E). Верификация метода интерпретации на парных пробах подтвердила возможность одновременного измерения активности:1) H-3 (библиотека «P», с относительной ошибкой ±9%) и K-40 (библиотека «L», с относительной ошибкой ±20%);&#13;
2) H-3 (библиотека «P», с относительной ошибкой ±11%) и Sr-90+Y-90 (библиотека «L», с относительной ошибкой ±21%) при ограничениях, связанных с соотношением уровней активностей и сильным гашением. При одновременном измерении активности K-40 (библиотека «L») и Sr-90+Y-90 (библиотека «L») возможно только корректное измерение активности Sr-90+Y-90 на уровне ошибки ±10% при параметре гашения SQP(E) от 600 до 706.&#13;
Выводы. Разработанный метод может быть использован для одновременного измерения объемной активности H-3 и K-40 в пробах мочи населения г. Озерск и профессиональных работников Производственного Объединения «Маяк», объемной активности H-3 и Sr-90+Y-90 в пробах оз. Кызылташ, находящегося в зоне влияния данного предприятия. Разработанная компьютерная программа Aspect-SUBI может быть использована не только с Quantulus-1220, но и с любым другим жидкостно-сцинтилляционным спектрометром с логарифмическим типом усиления и автоматическим определением гашения.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Development and verification of own method of b-spectrum processing of ultra-low background radiometer-spectrometer Quantulus-1220 with minimal or no sample preparation, with H-3, K-40 and Sr-90+Y-90 presence in liquid sample at various ratio by activity considering quenching. Development of software Aspect-SUBI which implements the method.&#13;
Materials and Methods. The method is based on deconvolution of the measured b-spectrum in the form of a superposition of model spectra of several radionuclides. b-spectra, obtained from standard radioactive solutions H-3, K-40 and Sr-90+Y-90 mixed with liquid scintillator Optiphase Hisafe 3 in volume ratio 8 ml : 12 ml were used. Methyl orange was used as a quencher. A sum of piecewisecombined functions was used for radionuclide libraries building. The lest squares method was used to determine radionuclide activities in the sample. Computer software Microsoft Excel, Sigma Plot 2000 and R version 4.0.2 was used for statistical processing of findings, their visualization as well as verification of the developed method.&#13;
Results. Libraries of model b-spectra were built as a sum of piecewise-combined functions with polynomial approximation (library «P») or approximation by piecewise linear functions of their parameters (library «L») depending on quench parameter SQP(E). Verification of interpretation method on paired samples proved its capacity for simultaneous measurement of activity: 1) H-3 (library «P», with relative error ±9%) and K-40 (library «L», with relative error ±20%); 2) H-3 (library «P», with relative error ±11%) and Sr-90+Y-90 (library «L», with relative error ±21%) with limitations due to the levels of activities ratio and strong quenching. At simultaneous measurement of activity K-40 (library «L») and Sr-90+Y-90 (library «L») only correct measurement of activity Sr-90+Y-90 is possible with the error level ±10% taken quench parameter SQP(E) is in the range from 600 to 706. &#13;
Conclusion. The developed method can be used for simultaneous measurement of volume activity of H-3 and K-40 in urine samples of Ozyorsk population and Mayak PA workers, as well as volume activity of H-3 and Sr-90+Y-90 in samples from Lake Kyzyltash located in the Mayak PA affected area. The developed software Aspect-SUBI can be used not only with Quantulus-1220 but also with any other liquid scintillation spectrometer with logarithmic type of intensification and automatic quench detection.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>бета-спектрометрия</kwd>
    <kwd>метод обработки спектров</kwd>
    <kwd>объемная активность</kwd>
    <kwd>тритий</kwd>
    <kwd>калий-40</kwd>
    <kwd>стронций-90</kwd>
    <kwd>пробы воды</kwd>
    <kwd>пробы мочи</kwd>
    <kwd>программное обеспечение</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>beta-spectrometry</kwd>
    <kwd>method of spectra processing</kwd>
    <kwd>volume activity</kwd>
    <kwd>tritium</kwd>
    <kwd>K-40</kwd>
    <kwd>Sr-90</kwd>
    <kwd>water samples</kwd>
    <kwd>urine samples</kwd>
    <kwd>software</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">X. Hou, «Liquid scintillation counting for determination of radionuclides in environmental and nuclear application», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 318, no. 3, pp. 1597-1628, 2018.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">X. Hou, «Liquid scintillation counting for determination of radionuclides in environmental and nuclear application», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 318, no. 3, pp. 1597-1628, 2018.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мурашова Е.Л., Антушевский А.С., Васянович М.Е., Екидин А.А. Метод жидкой сцинтилляции для определения объемной активности стронция-90 в источниках выброса//АНРИ. 2019. № 1(96), С. 17-26.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murashova E.L., Antushevskiy A.S., Vasyanovich M.E., Ekidin A.A. Metod zhidkoy scintillyacii dlya opredeleniya ob'emnoy aktivnosti stronciya-90 v istochnikah vybrosa//ANRI. 2019. № 1(96), S. 17-26.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez-Cabeza Joan-Albert, «Simultaneous determination of radium and uranium activities in natural water samples using liquid scintillation counting», The Analyst, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 399-403, 1998.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez-Cabeza Joan-Albert, «Simultaneous determination of radium and uranium activities in natural water samples using liquid scintillation counting», The Analyst, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 399-403, 1998.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">N. Vajda, C.-K. Kim, «Determination of radiostrontium isotopes: A review of analytical methodology», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 2306-2326, 2010.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">N. Vajda, C.-K. Kim, «Determination of radiostrontium isotopes: A review of analytical methodology», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 2306-2326, 2010.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хахунова М.М. Исследование миграции трития в приконтурные зоны хранилищ радиоактивных отходов с разными сроками их эксплуатации//Вестник МГСУ. 2013. №№1. С. 169-176.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hahunova M.M. Issledovanie migracii tritiya v prikonturnye zony hranilisch radioaktivnyh othodov s raznymi srokami ih ekspluatacii//Vestnik MGSU. 2013. №№1. S. 169-176.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">X. Hou, «Radiochemical analysis of radionuclides difficult to measure for waste characterization in decommissioning of nuclear facilities», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 43-48, 2007.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">X. Hou, «Radiochemical analysis of radionuclides difficult to measure for waste characterization in decommissioning of nuclear facilities», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 43-48, 2007.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Pantya, A. Dalnoki, A. Imre, P. Zagyvai, T. Pazmandi, «Tritium internal dose estimation from measurements with liquid scintillators» Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine, vol. 137. pp. 18-22, 2018.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Pantya, A. Dalnoki, A. Imre, P. Zagyvai, T. Pazmandi, «Tritium internal dose estimation from measurements with liquid scintillators» Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine, vol. 137. pp. 18-22, 2018.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Востротин В.В., Янов А.Ю., Финашов Л.В. Тритий в моче профессиональных работников ПО «Маяк» в период с 2017 по 2019 гг.//Радиационная Гигиена. 2021. Т. 14, №№1. С. 102-110.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vostrotin V.V., Yanov A.Yu., Finashov L.V. Tritiy v moche professional'nyh rabotnikov PO «Mayak» v period s 2017 po 2019 gg.//Radiacionnaya Gigiena. 2021. T. 14, №№1. S. 102-110.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Финашов Л.В., Востротин В.В., Янов А.Ю. Тритий в моче у жителей города Озерска Челябинской области в 2016 г.//Радиационная Гигиена. 2019. Т. 12, № 3. C. 42-49.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Finashov L.V., Vostrotin V.V., Yanov A.Yu. Tritiy v moche u zhiteley goroda Ozerska Chelyabinskoy oblasti v 2016 g.//Radiacionnaya Gigiena. 2019. T. 12, № 3. C. 42-49.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">W.L. Oller, P. Plato, «Beta spectrum analysis: a new method to analyze mixtures of beta-emitting radionuclides by liquid scintillation techniques», The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 481-485, 1972.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">W.L. Oller, P. Plato, «Beta spectrum analysis: a new method to analyze mixtures of beta-emitting radionuclides by liquid scintillation techniques», The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 481-485, 1972.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Takiue, Y. Matsui, T. Natake, Y. Yoshizawa, «A new approach to analytical radioassay of multiple beta-labeled samples using a liquid scintillation spectrometer», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 293, no. 3. pp. 596-600, 1990.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Takiue, Y. Matsui, T. Natake, Y. Yoshizawa, «A new approach to analytical radioassay of multiple beta-labeled samples using a liquid scintillation spectrometer», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 293, no. 3. pp. 596-600, 1990.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Takiue, H. Fujii, T. Natake, Y. Matsui, «Analytical measurements of multiple beta-emitter mixtures with a liquid scintillation spectrometer», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 155, no. 3. pp. 183-193, 1991.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Takiue, H. Fujii, T. Natake, Y. Matsui, «Analytical measurements of multiple beta-emitter mixtures with a liquid scintillation spectrometer», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 155, no. 3. pp. 183-193, 1991.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Takiue, Y. Matsui, H. Fujii, «Liquid scintillation radioassay for multiple radionuclide mixtures by the most probable value theory», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 227-236, 1991.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Takiue, Y. Matsui, H. Fujii, «Liquid scintillation radioassay for multiple radionuclide mixtures by the most probable value theory», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 227-236, 1991.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Takiue, T. Natake, H. Fujii, «Liquid scintillation radioassay for low-activity beta-emitter mixtures by the method of least squares», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 200, no. 3, pp. 247-258, 1995.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Takiue, T. Natake, H. Fujii, «Liquid scintillation radioassay for low-activity beta-emitter mixtures by the method of least squares», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 200, no. 3, pp. 247-258, 1995.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.G. Carles, M.T. Martin-Casallo, A. Grau Malonda, «Spectrum unfolding and double window methods applied to standardization of 14C and 3H mixtures», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 307, no. 2, pp. 484-490, 1991.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.G. Carles, M.T. Martin-Casallo, A. Grau Malonda, «Spectrum unfolding and double window methods applied to standardization of 14C and 3H mixtures», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 307, no. 2, pp. 484-490, 1991.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.G. Carles, L.R. Barquero, A.G., «Malonda Standardization of 14C and 35S mixtures», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 325, no. 1, pp. 234-240, 1993.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.G. Carles, L.R. Barquero, A.G., «Malonda Standardization of 14C and 35S mixtures», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 325, no. 1, pp. 234-240, 1993.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.G. Carles, L.R. Barquero, A.G., «Malonda Standardization of multi-nuclide mixtures by a new spectrum unfolding method», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 176, no. 5, pp. 391-403, 1993.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.G. Carles, L.R. Barquero, A.G., «Malonda Standardization of multi-nuclide mixtures by a new spectrum unfolding method», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 176, no. 5, pp. 391-403, 1993.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Grau Carles, L. Rodriguez Barquero, A. Grau Malonda, «Deconvolution of 204Tl/36Cl and 147Pm/45Ca dual mixtures», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 339, no. 1, pp. 71-77, 1994.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Grau Carles, L. Rodriguez Barquero, A. Grau Malonda, «Deconvolution of 204Tl/36Cl and 147Pm/45Ca dual mixtures», Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 339, no. 1, pp. 71-77, 1994.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.G. Carles, «MLOG, the simultaneous standardization of multi-nuclide mixtures», Computer Physics Communications, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 48-52, 1996.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.G. Carles, «MLOG, the simultaneous standardization of multi-nuclide mixtures», Computer Physics Communications, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 48-52, 1996.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">I.A. Kashirin, A.I. Ermakov, S.V. Malinovskiy, S.V. Belanov, Yu.A. Sapozhnikov, K.M. Efimov, V.A. Tikhomirov, A.I. Sobolev, «Liquid scintillation determination of low level components in complex mixtures of radionuclides», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 303-308, 2000.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I.A. Kashirin, A.I. Ermakov, S.V. Malinovskiy, S.V. Belanov, Yu.A. Sapozhnikov, K.M. Efimov, V.A. Tikhomirov, A.I. Sobolev, «Liquid scintillation determination of low level components in complex mixtures of radionuclides», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 303-308, 2000.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S.V. Malinovskiy, I.A. Kashirin, A.I. Ermakov, «New Software for Analyzing Complex Spectra Obtained with Ultra Low Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer 'Quantulus'», 456 р., 2002.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S.V. Malinovskiy, I.A. Kashirin, A.I. Ermakov, «New Software for Analyzing Complex Spectra Obtained with Ultra Low Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer 'Quantulus'», 456 r., 2002.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T. Altzitzoglou, «Radioactivity determination of individual radionuclides in a mixture by liquid  scintillation spectra deconvolution: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1055-1061, 2008.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">T. Altzitzoglou, «Radioactivity determination of individual radionuclides in a mixture by liquid  scintillation spectra deconvolution: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and its Applications», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1055-1061, 2008.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Nebelung, L. Baraniak, «Simultaneous determination of 226Ra, 233U and 237Np by liquid scintillation spectrometry», Applied Radiation and Isotopes: Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 209-217, 2007.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Nebelung, L. Baraniak, «Simultaneous determination of 226Ra, 233U and 237Np by liquid scintillation spectrometry», Applied Radiation and Isotopes: Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 209-217, 2007.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nebelung Cordula, Jаhnigen Peggy, Bernhard Gert, «Simultaneous determination of beta nuclides by liquid scintillation spectrometry», International Conference on Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, 25-30.05.2008, Davos, Switzerland. Villigen, Schweiz: PSI Paul Scherrer Institut Book of Abstracts, pp. 193-201, 2008.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nebelung Cordula, Jahnigen Peggy, Bernhard Gert, «Simultaneous determination of beta nuclides by liquid scintillation spectrometry», International Conference on Advances in Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry, 25-30.05.2008, Davos, Switzerland. Villigen, Schweiz: PSI Paul Scherrer Institut Book of Abstracts, pp. 193-201, 2008.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Remetti, A. Sessa, «Beta spectra deconvolution for liquid scintillation counting», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 287, no. 1, pp. 107-111, 2011.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Remetti, A. Sessa, «Beta spectra deconvolution for liquid scintillation counting», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 287, no. 1, pp. 107-111, 2011.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Remetti, D. Franci, «ABCD-Tool, a software suite for the analysis of a/b spectra from liquid scintillation counting», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 292, no. 3, pp. 1115-1122, 2012.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Remetti, D. Franci, «ABCD-Tool, a software suite for the analysis of a/b spectra from liquid scintillation counting», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 292, no. 3, pp. 1115-1122, 2012.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">U. Lee, J.W. Bae, H.R. Kim, «Multiple beta spectrum analysis based on spectrum fitting», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 314, no. 2, pp. 617-622, 2017.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">U. Lee, J.W. Bae, H.R. Kim, «Multiple beta spectrum analysis based on spectrum fitting», Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 314, no. 2, pp. 617-622, 2017.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Joung, Y. Kim, J. Kim, J. Park, M. Jang, J. Lee, C. Kim, M.S. Lee, J. Lim, «Simultaneous quantitative analysis of 3H and 14C radionuclides in aqueous samples via artificial neural network with a liquid scintillation counter», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 170, P. 109593.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Joung, Y. Kim, J. Kim, J. Park, M. Jang, J. Lee, C. Kim, M.S. Lee, J. Lim, «Simultaneous quantitative analysis of 3H and 14C radionuclides in aqueous samples via artificial neural network with a liquid scintillation counter», Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 170, P. 109593.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Репин В.С. Исследование возможности использования искусственной нейронной сети для распознавания и оценки вклада отдельных радионуклидов в суммарный бета-спектр//Радиационная гигиена. 2020. Т. 13, №№4. C. 74-81.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Repin V.S. Issledovanie vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya iskusstvennoy neyronnoy seti dlya raspoznavaniya i ocenki vklada otdel'nyh radionuklidov v summarnyy beta-spektr//Radiacionnaya gigiena. 2020. T. 13, №№4. C. 74-81.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джонсон Н.Л., Коц С., Балакришнан Н. Одномерные непрерывные распределения: в 2 ч. Ч. 1. Пер. 2-го англ. изд. М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2010. 703 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzhonson N.L., Koc S., Balakrishnan N. Odnomernye nepreryvnye raspredeleniya: v 2 ch. Ch. 1. Per. 2-go angl. izd. M.: BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy, 2010. 703 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
